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Free Speech and Copyright

Free Speech and Copyright issues:  Could copyright laws and/or Conventions be considered a type of protection of free speech, or a method ensuring the protection of free speech?

The thought occurs to me after reading many commentaries on the “Dozier Internet Law” controversy which would pit free speech (sometimes conflated with “public participation”) against claims of copyright for business correspondence.

Interestingly, “public participation” which would trounce all claims to ownership of speech — i.e., one’s power to decide where and how that speech shall be transmitted — would translate to a total participation one may not choose but have chosen for you.  I.e., I smell a bit of communism in that, or perhaps utilitarian socialism:  “In order for the greatest good for the greatest number of people to be possible, you shall not have any control over your own speech products!”

Is my speech still free if it can be co-opted entirely by another?  Even if my intention for that speech, my very reason for speaking, is not the use made of that speech — a use I have absolutely no power to determine before speaking?

In the case of business correspondence:  How might business be hindered if all memos, documents, and so forth were required to be public?  That may sound like a silly question; but consider:  Some blogger somewhere, feeling slighted or even threatened by business practices, could claim that “the public has a right to know!” about any thing he wishes.  Allow the public to decide what is best.  Allow the commune.

—That is the problem with Mob Law.

My friend Dan recently remarked on a related British case that, “the Crown keeps the mouths of its subjects shut tight.”  In fact, the ideas utilized within written works are not protected, but merely the method of expression:


An important limitation on the scope of copyright protection is the idea/expression dichotomy: While copyright law protects the expression of an idea, it does not protect the idea itself.

The distinction between “idea” and “expression” is a fundamental part of U.S. law, but it is not always clear. From the 1976 Copyright Act (17 U.S.C. ยง 102):

In no case does copyright protection for an original work of authorship extend to any idea, procedure, process, system, method of operation, concept, principle, or discovery, regardless of the form in which it is described, explained, illustrated, or embodied in such work.

A paper describing a political theory, for example, is copyrightable; it may not be reproduced by anyone else without the author’s permission. But the theory itself (which is an idea rather than a specific expression) is not copyrightable. Another author is free to describe the same theory in his or her own words without violating copyright law. Courts disagree on how much of the story and characters of a copyrighted novel or film should be considered copyrightable expression.


[Wikipedia: United States copyright law.]


Far from having their mouths shut tight, citizens of the U.S. are able to summarize a copyrighted work in their own words, provided that no confidentiality agreements exist or no other contractual agreements limiting that right, and provided that no other rights are trampled during the process of speaking.  But does “free speech” or the elusive right of “public participation” require the power to co-opt another’s exact speech for one’s own purpose, at will, if that other has not consented?  If so, what does that right do to the right to free speech of the original speaker?

That is the question.

Comments

All the more interesting in cases where you wish to threaten legal violence and do not wish to allow your victim an opportunity to rally support.

"legal violence" reminds me of a previous discussion.

Rallying support can be done without copy-pasting another person's writing; i.e., through summarization. This is not an either/or situation, where absolute silence is required when demanded.

The attempt to make this into an either/or situation has 4GW tones, imo. Poor little blogger must literally have lips stapled together or risks an even worse fate!! No, that's not it, really.

I agree that the discussion is a bit simplistic.

In particular, your argument boils down to saying that "Because one is not totally oppressed, totally victimized, totally defenseless, one is not oppressed victimized, and without some defenses."

And also: that each party in any dispute should have relatively equal defenses, or at least defenses which do not translate into one party's having formalized legal superiority over the other.

Regardless of the personal character of either disputant.

Incidentally, I would think that one could summarize more creatively, to better effect than merely posting the offending letter as "proof" or sending it to someone else who will post that letter. Then, the original writer would have to launch a lawsuit saying the letter was misrepresented, and would have to prove it, etc., which would most likely bring the letter into the public domain anyway.

The 4GWish overtones of the Swarming Once-Stung Mob, on either side (let's say a certain lawyer may have attempted to be a mob of One), cause any member of the very public storming to become vulnerable to counter attack. I would bet that a 5GW approach would have been better; but then, using lawyers and third-party bloggers to slug it out for you is a bit of co-optation, right? ;)

As I commented over at Public Citizen, Citizen Media has an excellent analysis of copyright law in this case. As does Patry.

The 4GWish overtones of the Swarming Once-Stung Mob, on either side (let's say a certain lawyer may have attempted to be a mob of One), cause any member of the very public storming to become vulnerable to counter attack. I would bet that a 5GW approach would have been better; but then, using lawyers and third-party bloggers to slug it out for you is a bit of co-optation, right? ;)

Why is 5G normatively better than 4G? Especially when considering that 5G is a more complicated technology?

Not normatively, necessarily; but in a world trending toward open source and static, it might be more pragmatic ultimately. To use an example from a recent attack in the U.S. -- and it could be the school shooting or the 20 year-old deputy killing teens at the movie & pizza party: anything you say, or allow to be said about you, can and will be used against you.

Are private citizens now the militia run wild, justified by the number of fellow swarmers? But another term entered my thinking in the last two days: parens patriae. On the issue of scammers and scheming businessmen, there seems to be an assumption that the poor, foolish, rather stupid "other individuals" in the world need protection from the advertising campaigns; they can't figure things out for themselves, are indeed pathetic little children, and the swarm steps in to "protect" them. Ack.


The link at Citizen Media is interesting for what it doesn't say. E.g., that the writer of that post has entirely dismissed, or forgot to consider, the free speech rights of the author of the letter in question. Additionally,

At the motion-to-dismiss stage, the court held that allegations that Joyce had used the threat of copyright litigation to intimidate the scholar from using "non-copyrightable fact works such as medical records" and "works to which [the estate] did not own or control copyrights, such as letters written by third parties," were sufficient to establish copyright misuse. Id. at 16.

is given, but the example is incredibly weak; using this as an example of copyright misuse, within the context of the current controversy, to support a general (but I'll admit a bit skeptical) argument against Dozier is mixing apples and oranges in order to give the oranges as red or green sheen. Medical records and documents written by a third party are distinctly different than a cease-and-desist letter that was written by an individual in the firm who also declared at the time of the writing that the writing was protected by copyright. Indeed, an analysis of the recipient's activities seems targeted at that specific recipient, so some original work seems to have been done in the writing of the letter. A careful study of the letter, against other cease and desist letters sent from the firm and indeed from other firms, might reveal that it is not very original writing; but if only other in-firm examples matching the letter, even there the possibility for copyright protection might exist.

Curtis,

Are private citizens now the militia run wild, justified by the number of fellow swarmers? But another term entered my thinking in the last two days: parens patriae. On the issue of scammers and scheming businessmen, there seems to be an assumption that the poor, foolish, rather stupid "other individuals" in the world need protection from the advertising campaigns; they can't figure things out for themselves, are indeed pathetic little children, and the swarm steps in to "protect" them. Ack.

You're mixing discussions (armed and unarmed resistance), but note that was precisely the purpose of the 2nd amendment -- militias -- not government armies or lone crazies, but the traditional self-defense that colonial towns had against the dangers of the world.

"Legal violence" -- does this mix discussions ("armed and unarmed" aggression)?

Do militias in the traditional sense have the right to acquire your personal property at whim and use it against you? (Ha, does the "right to bear arms" mean any arms, even arms belonging to someone else?)

"Do militias in the traditional sense have the right to acquire your personal property at whim and use it against you?"

You mean after they mail you/attack you with their "personal property"? Or after they violently attacked you with their "personal property" (with the approval of the Crown, of course)?

"Legal violence" -- does this mix discussions ("armed and unarmed" aggression)?

No, it merely describes violent conflict, whether subtle or overt.

So subtle that no one was injured, eh?

So subtle that no one was injured, eh?

No more violent than the thug who doesn't cut you because you give him your wallet.

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